The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. In addition, minimal access to data on financials for small and. Mcgregor recognized that x type workers are in fact usually the minority, and yet in mass organizations, such as large scale production environment, x theory management may be required and can be unavoidable. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people. These theories continue to be important even today. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Mcgregor himself held to the belief that theory y assumptions were more valid than theory x. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y.
The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has formulated two models which he calls theory x and theory y. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Aug 05, 2019 theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control. Theory x and theory y team management training from.
Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. Theory x managers believe all actions should be traceable to the individual responsible. Theory x power is supreme is the main theme of the theory where the people at work level have no authority to suggest or object anything except to carry out the orders of the supervisor. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s.
Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Coming to theory ytype organizations, appraisal is also regular and crucial, but is usually a separate mechanism from organizational controls. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf programpals. These theories are based on human behaviour in management.
Beyond this point, the two theories of management diverge. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. Theory x and theory y relate to maslows hierarchy of needs in how human behavior and motivation are main priorities in the workplace in order to maximize output.
In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on. Leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are.
Theory y theory y expounds a participative style of management that is decentralized. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. The democratic approach of theory y makes people feel comfortable as a result of which they commit themselves wholeheartedly to the organization. Kopelman and others published theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories find, read and cite all the research you need on.
Theory x assumes that people dislike work and must be coerced, controlled, and directed toward organizational goals. Dec 25, 20 theory x and theory y relate to maslows hierarchy of needs in how human behavior and motivation are main priorities in the workplace in order to maximize output. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. Theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees. A theorist who argued two set of assumptions theory x and. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. As per theory x, it has been inferred that people do not like taking responsibilities and avoids it to the extent possible. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles.
In this section youll learn more about three different managerial styles and their impact on employee motivation. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. In relation to theory y, the organization is trying to create the most symbiotic relationship between the managers and workers, which relates to maslows needs for selfactualization. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. Mcgregor hoped that his book would lead managers to investigate the two sets of beliefs, invent others, test out the assumptions underlying them, and develop managerial strategies that made sense in terms of those tested views of reality. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Theory x, theory y, and theory z what youll learn to do. Mcgregors x y theory is a natural rule for managing people.
Theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of enterprise in 1960 he examined individuals behaviour at work. This lesson goes over these additional learning goals. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it may be the system. Pdf theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its.
Theory xtype organizations work on a carrot and stick basis, and performance assessment is part of the overall mechanism of control and compensation. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in. This article and video will explore mcgregors theory further, and. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it. Theory x managers and theory y managers often see their perceptions of people confirmed. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district.
Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. A theorist who argued two set of assumptions theory x and theory y a theorist who argued two set of assumption theory x and theory y job embeddedness theory assumptions cognitive dissonance theory of leon festinger dalam a first look at communication theory practical theory complete a selfinstruction music theory course. A theorist who argued two set of assumptions theory x and theory y a theorist who argued two set of assumption theory x and theory y job embeddedness theory assumptions cognitive dissonance theory of leon festinger dalam a first look at communication theory practical theory complete a selfinstruction music. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. The purpose of this study is to find the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on research performance of foundation university members in turkey on the number of articles published in science citation index and social science citation index. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by.
However, the literature has a limited number of studies concerning organizational performance of small and medium businesses, even less research on the impact on organizational performance of theory x and theory y type leadership styles. A theorist who argued two sets of assumptions theory x and theory y. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people, for the economic benefit of the firm. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Many organisations are now taking the enlightened view of theory y. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. Theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control. Pdf the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi.
Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Theory y highlights the work satisfaction of employees and gives authority to. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of.
He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. While theory y might help to explain the findings in the two laboratories, we clearly need something other than theory x or y assumptions to explain the findings in the plants. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and positive view of workers. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. Theory x pertains and offers importance to strict supervision, additional rewards and external penalties in order to keep individuals concentration at work. Jul 08, 2017 theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. A boss can be viewed as taking the theory x approach, while a leader takes the theory y approach.
The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. Theory x says that employees are unambitious, whereas the employees are highly ambitious says theory y. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. From this he formulated two models of management based on hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y styles of management. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of. Many have categorized theory x as an autocratic type of leadership and theory y as democratic style.
855 1312 1386 252 1163 1217 818 1228 373 528 1346 1073 330 738 1208 323 1458 367 1077 288 97 755 1188 973 16 460 463 1285 466 1436 219 1201 974 234 551 437 20 309 107 1469 837